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Capital allowances are much misunderstood by landlords, who often do not realise they can claim the relief that reduces the income tax they pay on profits.
The benefit of capital allowances is they are subtracted pound-for-pound from property business profits before calculating tax. Any landlord can make a claim – including property companies. Capital allowances are also in addition to, not instead of, any claim for replacement relief.
Capital allowances are special tax relief on the tools and equipment landlords need to run a property business.
They typically apply to one-off purchases rather than day-to-day business expenses. For example, buying a computer is a capital cost as the asset is likely to have a life of more than a year but replacing the ink cartridges in a printer is general revenue. The price of the ink is offset against profits as a business expense, but the cost of the computer is depreciated to reflect any loss in value over time.
An important point to remember is capital allowances cannot be applied to residential property, which reduces the tax relief a landlord can claim but does not mean a claim cannot be made. Capital allowance claims are split into categories or pools. The primary type for a landlord claim is plant and machinery, including vans, tools, ladders, computers, office furniture and equipment in common areas of a shared house.
The points to remember are:
Claiming capital allowances are open to sole traders, partners or companies. Include the figures on a self-assessment or corporation tax return in the appropriate boxes.
The trick is knowing what to claim and working out the computation, which is often a job best left to a tax professional if you do not understand the rules.
Capital allowances are offset by the Annual Investment Allowance (AIA). The AIA is £1 million a year until December 31, 2020, then drops to £200,000 from January 1, 2021.
Under the AIA, a property business can claim the entire cost of capital spending up to the limits during the year. For example, a landlord buys gardening equipment worth £10,000 to keep the gardens tidy for a portfolio of five properties. During the year, the rental profit from the portfolio is £50,000, and the £10,000 AIA is deducted, reducing the taxable profit to £40,000.
Replacements and repairs at rented properties or business assets are reclaimed under separate rules as revenue expenses. To qualify for the relief, the repair or replacement must pass four tests:
Another point to remember is replacement relief is not available for holiday lets or property rented out under the Rent A Room Scheme. Providing the replacement is a like-for-like swap and not an improvement; the full cost goes into the property business accounts as a business expense.
If the replacement is an upgrade, the cost goes into the accounts as the lower the cost of the item or the cost of replacing the old item like-for-like. If the old thing is sold or traded, the account's cost is the purchase price less the trade-in or sale value.
HMRC gives this example in online guidance for tax inspectors: A landlord buys a new fridge costing £800. They trade in the old fridge valued at £300 and meet the rest of the cost with £500 cash. The amount of the deduction for the item replacement would be £500. No deduction is given for the £300 trade-in value of the old item.
Replacement relief applies to domestic items, which include:
A repair is the renewal or replacement of part of an item – like a pump for a washing machine. Even though the repair may be a capital purchase, any repair is treated as a revenue business expense.
Working out the difference between capital and revenue expenses is not always easy for landlords. But if you're worried about claiming capital allowances, here are the answers to some of the most asked questions about tax relief.
HM Revenue and Customs publish online guidance for tax inspectors that is free to access. Don't forget the manuals are guidance and not law.
Click here for more about property business capital allowances,
Click here for more about replacement relief
No. Landlords can better claim business travel expenses for cars with a split business/private use.
No. HMRC considers each item on its own merits, and the list of inclusions mainly arises from case law over the years.
Few property businesses will spend more than the AIA on buying new business assets in a year, so list the assets and reclaim the whole amount vis a self-assessment or corporation tax return. The amount is deducted from your property business profit or added to the loss. If you are in profit, tax due in the year is reduced by the relief, while if you make a loss, carry the amount forward to reduce profits in future years, so you do not lose the relief.
No. Just make a claim, and if HMRC has any issues, they will come back with any questions.